The classical music blog

  German definite articles (1 - 4 - 3- 2) Masculine: der ,den, dem, des (OE: þē, þone, þām or þǣm, þæs) Feminine: die, die, der, der (OE: þēo, þā, þǣre, þǣre) Neutral: das, das, dem, des (OE: þæt, þæt, þām or þǣm, þæs) Plural: die, die, den, der (OE: þā, þā, þām or þǣm, þāra) OE: Old English

 Scarlatti K 69 in f minor on Square piano , Italy. I saw that Italian musician plays scarlatti music on Square piano when I traveled in Italy. https://www.facebook.com/share/v/m7hx3nPZShmGcjXo/?mibextid=qi2Omg

  German indefinite articles. German Grammatical cases: (1 -2 -3 -4)   Masculine: ein,eines, einem, einen Feminine: eine, einer, einer, eine Neuter: ein, eines, einem, ein. Plural: None.

  -The Op.33 String Quartets, No.3- The Op. 33 String Quartets were written by Joseph Haydn in 1781.  This set of String quartets has nicknames that are called "Russian" quartet because Haydn dedicated to the Grand Duke Paul of Russia. This quartets are composed in six part (Opus 33,No.1 ~No.6). Opus 33, No.3 is in C major, nicknamed "The Bird". It's numbered various lyrics as No. 32, Hob. 3, and It's composed in Allegro moderato (4/4), Scherzo - Allegretto (3/4) , Adagio ma non troppo (3/4) in F major, Finale (2/4).  The first movement of Opus 33, No.3 opens with a melody in the first Violin featuring repeated notes.

  -String Quartets, Op. 20, Haydn- The six string Quartets op. 20 is one of the works that earned Haydn the sobriquet "the father of the string quartet". The Quartets of haydn are various. Also, String quartet, Op 20, No.2 is in C major.  It's structure is composed in Moderato, Adagio, Minuetto Allegretto, Fuga a Quattro soggetti.

  -The String Quartet No.15 - The string quartet No. 15 in G major, D 887 was the last quartet by Franz Schubert in June 1826. The structure of the movements are ambiguous due to Schubert's lyricism rather than traditional harmonic structure. The four movements of the quartet are:  1.Allegro molto moderato (G major) , 2. Andante Un poco moto (E minor) , 3. Scherzo. Allegro vivace -Trio, Allegretto (B minor) , 4. Allegro assai (G major)

 Vivaldi - Four season - Autumn Vivaldi -Concerto No.3 in F major, Op 8, RV 293, Autumn (L'autunno) have three movement. 1. Allegro is first movement, F major. 2. Adagio molto, D minor. 3. Allegro in F major. The sonnet -Autumn (Italian) Allegro Celebra il Vilanel con balli e Canti Del felice raccolto il bel piacere E del liquor de Bacco accesi tanti Finiscono col Sonno il lor godere. Adagio molto Fà ch' ogn' uno tralasci e balli e canti L' aria che temperata dà piacere, E la Staggion ch' invita tanti e tanti D' un dolcissimo Sonno al bel godere. Allegro cacciator alla nov' alba à caccia Con corni, Schioppi, e cani escono fuore Fugge la belva, e Seguono la traccia; Già Sbigottita, e lassa al gran rumore De' Schioppi e cani, ferita minaccia Languida di fuggir, mà oppressa muore. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(Vivaldi) https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=jLXr5oSID1w https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=yWBkx2Fz2eg https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=FXbyuss4...

 The four season - spring The four seasons is a group of four violin concerti by Italian composer Antonio Vivaldi. The four seasons is the best known of Vivaldi's works. The First part of the four seasons by Vivaldi is composed of Concerto No.1 in E major, Op 8, RV 269, Spring (La primavera). 1. Allegro (in E major)/ 2. Largo e pianissimo sempre (in C sharp minor) /Allegro pastorale (in E major). Original Sonnet text in Italian: Allegro Giunt' è la Primavera e festosetti La Salutan gl' Augei con lieto canto, E i fonti allo Spirar de' Zeffiretti Con dolce mormorio Scorrono intanto: Vengon' coprendo l' aer di nero amanto E Lampi, e tuoni ad annuntiarla eletti Indi tacendo questi, gl' Augelletti; Tornan' di nuovo al lor canoro incanto: Largo E quindi sul fiorito ameno prato Al caro mormorio di fronde e piante Dorme 'l Caprar col fido can' à lato. Allegro mandolin concerto Di pastoral Zampogna al suon festante Danzan Ninfe e Pastor nel tetto amato Di...

  -Harpsichord's jack- In the jack of harpsichord, a plectrum juts out almost horizontally and It passes under the thin metal string. Historically, plectra were made of bird quill or leather, and feather, but many modern harpsichords have plastic plectra.  When musician presses the front of keyboard, the back of the keyboard rises, and the jack is lifted, and plectrum plucks the string. Also, The vertical motion of the jack is then stopped by the jackrail, which is covered with soft felt to muffle the impact. Plectra : plural of plectrum (Lat : plēctrum / plēctra ; Greek: πλήκτρο (pliktro) / πλήκτρα (pliktra) ; German: Das Plektron or Das Plektrum / Die Plektra) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord

-Harpsichord mechanism (Cembalo Mechanism) Harpsichords vary in size and shape, but all harpsichords have the same basic mechanism. The other end of the keyboard lifts a jack that holds a small plectrum, which plucks the string. When the musician releases the keyboard, the jack falls back.  As the key reaches its rest position, a felt damper stops vibrations of thin metal strings. Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpsichord

German Etymology: Proto-West-Germanic: *ik is generated to German: ich Proto-West-Germanic: *þū is generated to German: du Proto-West-Germanic: *wiʀ is generated to German: wir Proto-West-Germanic: *jiʀ is generated to German: ihr Proto-West-Germanic: *-ī- is generated to German: -ei- For example, Proto-West-Germanic:*līb, German: Leib. Also, Proto-West-Germanic *wīb is generated to German: Weib. Proto-West-Germanic: *-ū- , German: -au- For example, Proto-West-Germanic: *hūs, German: Haus. Thus, German Pronoun mein, dein is from Proto-West-Germanic *mīn, *þīn.  Reference: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/m%C4%ABn https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/%C3%BE%C4%ABn https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/w%C4%ABb https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/h%C5%ABs https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/ik

  This action is a diagram which Cristofori thought in 1700s. In fact, Cristofori thought a cembalo which can make a weak sound and strong sound. Also, In 1700s, many musicians wanted to play hammered cembalo with eight-foot pitch like to original cembalo. Thus, hammered harpsichord was thought in 1700s https://www.lindebladpiano.com/blog/history-of-the-piano

  Clavichord and Fortepiano (square) mechanism and diagram. In First, The Clavichord mechanism is that when musician presses keyboard, Brass beats weak metal strings. Thus, Musician control sound and make a weak sound and strong sound. Second, Early fortepiano (square)'s action is that small hammer hits weak metal strings (than Modern) when musician presses keyboard. Thus, Musician control weaker sound and stronger sound. Musician beats still keyboard of octave like to clavichord. Third, In Hopper action, metal string is stronger than Clavichord and early square piano action. Thus piano maker prefered to use iron strings on square piano of Hopper actions. Finally, In square grand piano action of Broadwood, material of string is changed to steel and strong metal, iron. Thus, Musician could make various sounds and music. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PSM_V40_D497_Illustrating_the_partial_development_of_the_piano_action.jpg

  This music is string quartet, Op 76, No. 2 in D minor, Haydn. This quartet in D minor is numbered as No 61, No 41 and Hob.3:76.  It's named "Fifths' in a reference to the falling perfect fifths at its start. The movements are four parts - 1.Allegro / 2.Andane o piu tosto allegretto / 3. Menuetto / 4.Allegro ma non-troppo, Vivace assai. 1.In Allegro, It's written in D minor, common time and is in sonata form. 2.In Andante o piu tosto allegretto, It's a ternary variation form in D major and 6/8 time. 3.In Menuetto. Allegro ma non-troppo, It's a d minor minuet in 3/4 time. Also, It is unusual in that the movement is written like a canon and trio section is written in the tonic major key, and It's called the 'Witches' Minuet. 4. Vivace assai  It's The last movement, in D minor and 2/4 time, uses sonata form. It ends in D major.  Thus, This music is sounded like to sonata works.

  Mozart -string quartet No.4 in C major, K 157. This is Milanese Quartets (Mozart).  The Milanese Quartets (K 155-K 160) are a set of six string Quartets. It was played and composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1772 -1773. All six Quartets have only three movements. Also, Four of the quartets (K 156 -K 159) have the minor in middle movements. Thus, Mozart string quartet No.4 in C major, K 157 is composed of three movements - Allegro / Andante in C minor / Presto /.

  1.German Conjuctive (Konjunktiv) Active voice:  Future: Ich würde spielen (I would play) -(würden + infinitive) Past: Ich hätte (wäre) gespielt (I would have played) -( hätten , wären +past participle) Passive Voice: Future: Ich würde gehört werden (I would be heard) - (Würden +past participle + werden) Past: Ich wäre gehört worden (I would have been heard) - (hätten, wären + past participle + worden) 2. Imperative schlafen - Schlaf! (Du) ,Schlaft (ihr) ,Schlafen (Sie) Essen- Iss! (Du) ,Esst (ihr), Essen (Sie)

  Violin Sonata No. 21 (Mozart) by Szeryng, Haebler. Sonata for piano and Violin in E -Minor is a work by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It was composed in 1778. It is the only instrumental work by Mozart whose home key is E minor. This part is composed in Allegro (in E minor) and Tempo di Menuetto (in E minor).

This is Mendelssohn : Violin Concerto in E minor , Op 64, MWV, Joshua Bell, Academy of St Martin in the fields , Sir Neville Marriner.  The work is scored for solo Violin and a standard Orchestra, consisting of two flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, natural horns, strings. The concerto consists of three movements with the following tempo markings:  1. Allegro molto appassionato (E minor) 2. Andante ( C major ), 3. Allegretto non troppo - Allegro molto vivace (E major)

  The six Cello suite , BWV 1007 The six Cello suite 1007-1012 are suites for Cello by Johann Sebastian Bach.  The structures of suites are in six movements, and have following structure and order of movements. - 1. Prelude /2. Allemande /3. Courante /4. Sarabande / 5. Galanteries/ 6. Gigue / This suite is  Suite No. 1 in G major, MWV 1007. The prelude is the best known movement from the entire set of suites.  - 1.Prelude / 2. Allemande /3. Courante /4. Sarabande /5. Minuet./6. Gigue / https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_Suites_(Bach)#Suite_No._1_in_G_major,_BWV_1007

Haydn, Sonata Nr 53 by Viviana Sofronisky This music is Haydn Sonata ,Nr. 53 Hob, XVI:34, mov.3. It's played on fortepiano. Also, The work is in three movements - Presto, Adagio, Vivace Molto, The first movement was sonata form.

 German regular verbs , Present Tense. 1.Ich: -e , wir: -en 2.du: -st, ihr: -(e)t 3. Er, Sie, Es: -t, sie: -en For example: "machen" (to make, to do) 1.Ich mache , wir machen 2.du machst, ihr macht 3. Er, Sie, Es: macht, sie machen Also, "helfen" (to help) 1. Ich helfe - wir helfen 2. du hilfst - ihr helft 3. Er hilft - sie helfen Simple past Tense. Regular verbs have -te. 1. Ich machte - wir machten 2. du machtest - ihr machtet 3. er machte - sie machten 1. Ich half - wir halfen 2. du halfst - wir halft 3. Er half - sie halfen

  German  Numeral of Noun / Numerus 1. Only Singular. 1-1. Substance Noun For example: Die Milch, Das Eis, Der Zucker ,Das Brot, Das Gold, Das Ion, Das Plastik, Der Schnee, Das Wasser, etc. 1-2. Abstract noun For example: Der Fleiß, Das Wetter, die Freude, Die Kälte, etc. 1-3. Proper Noun For example: Die NATO, Die Titanic, etc. 2. Plural of nouns. If you know rules of plural, you can be a master of Germal plurals! Gender rules: 1. 80% masculine and 75% Neuter nouns take the -e plural. 2. 90% feminine nouns take the -(e)n plural. 3. If you know the nouns gender and you'll know the correct plural form ~80%. Suffix rules: Certain suffixes always take the same plural, regardless of Noun gender. Here are some examples. Suffix 1. Plural forms of  -nis, -Ling, -ig, -ich : -e plural 2. Plural forms of -tum : -er +umlaut plural 3. Plural forms of -chen, -lein : no change, same. 4. Plural forms of -er, -el, -en: no change, same. 5. Plural forms of -e: -e(n) plural. Plurals Accordi...

  The water music is a collection of orchestral movements, often published as three suites. Also, The structure of water music opens with a French overture on minuet, bourrees, and hornpipes. This water music is composed by three suites. First music is in F major(HWV 348) and Second music is in D major(HWV 349), and Third music is in G major(HWV 350). This music is composed in HWV 349.

German Grammatical Gender (suffix) Other method. Masculine endings: -ant, -ast, ich, -ig, -ismus, -Ling, -or, -us, -aum, -aun. Cf. Der Baum, der Zaun. Der Kapitalismus Feminine endings: -a, -ei, -enz, -heit, -ie, -ik, -in, -keit, -schaft, -sion, -tion, -tät, -ung, -ur.  or plural endings :-en, -n. cf. Die Musik, Die Freiheit, Die Wirtschaft, Die Wissenschaft, Die Freundschaft, Die Welt, Die Information, Die Universität, Die Nationalität, Die Uhr, Die Tür Neuter endings: -Chen, -lein, -ma, -ment, -sel, -tel, -tum, -um. cf. Das Mädchen, Das Klima, Das Instrument, Das Museum, etc. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender_in_German?fbclid=IwY2xjawEQhUZleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHVqHZ7VqPhG5sdd3ibZ1JhpG51qIIiTTZQ3L_75TUEYnDGuX7G27X0lCrw_aem_7E_Svo4DW-e7MPwVK1LCCg

 German Grammatical Gender Many German words have three grammatical gender. For example, Masculine, feminine, and Neuter nouns. Thus, people who learn German language must need a etymology dictionary. Etymological method. First, Masculine nouns is originated from consonant nouns. (cf. P-G: *-az, *-þuz, Latin: *-us, etc ) Second, Feminine nouns is originated from *-a nouns. Germanic words is coming -e.  (cf. P-G: *-ō, *-ǭ , *-ī   ,*-þiz, Latin: -tis, -a, -tīo(n), Greek: -a, ia) Finally, Neuter nouns is originated from *-om nouns. Germanic words is disappeared in P-G * -ą . (cf. P-G: -ą, Latin: -um, -ment, Greek: -ma, -on) Thus, Kontakt, Wald, Sand, Vorhang, Hals, etc are Masculine. Also Lampe, Sonne, Partei, Decke, Schule, Traube, Nase, Lippe, Kirche, Karte, Landkarte are feminine nouns. In finally, Knie, Metall, Haar, Büro, Cello, Cembalo, Dach, Geld, Glas, Zimmer, Bett, Bad are Neuter nouns.   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender_in_German?fbcl...

Is English based on Latin or French? One thinks that English is based on Latin or French because English has many borrowed words from Latin or Anglo-Norman. For example, In English, they're including government, delicious, favorite, purchase, enter, imagine, language, participate, etc. They were from French or Latin. However, They are only existing in borrowed words of English. Many basic words of English is still originated from Proto-West-Germanic. In here, Pronoun, Number, many prepositions is included in Germanic words. Also, daily words and colloquial words, and dialectal words (UK, Canada) are still originated from Germanic words. For example, how, where, why, what, who, when (interrogative pronouns) , iron, copper, gold, silver, and pepper, apple, tree, land, grass, sun, weather, house, saw, mast, ship, fish, snow, foot, arm, ear, fire, water, stone, book, seed, needle, earth, sea, sand, song, etc. Proto-West-Germanic: *hwō, *hwār, *hwī (P-G), *hwat, *hwaʀ, *hwānne ; *īsarn,...

 This is Photo o' Cristofori's Fortepiano. The string and sound of The fortepiano were based on the Harpsichord. And the Cristofori's Fortepiano string was tinner like to Harpsichord than modern piano and soundboard was made in Cyprus tree. In modern era, a builder or a professor who knows the Harpsichord, Fortepiano makes fortepiano in the factory or room with hands.

 This music is Clementi Sonata in C major, opus 2/1 on pianoforte (fortepiano) - Tempo after Ignaz Moscheles. The sounds of Fortepiano in 18th Era was softer than Cristofori's fortepiano in 1709 because makers used and made strong metal strings.  Thus, Musicians could play on the fortepiano and make the soft sou nds.

  Tchaikovsky's -Dance of Reed flutes - The nutcracker suite Dance of Reed flutes is included The nutcracker suite, Op 71a.  The suite was first performed under the composer's direction, on 19 March 1892 at an assembly of the Saint Petersburg branch of the Musical Society.

 Sylvia ackermann plays Pyramids fortepiano by Friederici in Goethehaus Frankfurt. The pyramid piano is an early document of the origins of the pianoforte. https://freies-deutsches-hochstift.de/en/mediaguide/goethe-house/1-obergeschoss/loeschen/pyramidenfluegel/ https://youtu.be/dOTBzZpPVRQ?si=qjMD25lOsFuYFyK4

  Virginal This instrument is Virginal. Virginal is used in various musical instruments in various countries. In Italy, a mini Virginal were called the ottavino. Obtaining were pitched an octave higher than the larger instrument. In western Europe, double Virginal were used in their countries. Two instruments could be together, the Jack's of the larger instrument now activated the keys of the ottavink, so that both instruments sounded simultaneously, they gave a more beautiful and brilliant music.  Soundboard and lid were drawn by beautiful pictures like to cembalo. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginals

  -The String Quartet No.15 - The string quartet No. 15 in G major, D 887 was the last quartet by Franz Schubert in June 1826. The structure of the movements are ambiguous due to Schubert's lyricism rather than traditional harmonic structure. The four movements of the quartet are:  1.Allegro molto moderato (G major) , 2. Andante Un poco moto (E minor) , 3. Scherzo. Allegro vivace -Trio, Allegretto (B minor) , 4. Allegro assai (G major)

Haydn Sonata, C major, HOB, XVI 1 This music is composed in 1766. It's played on fortepiano and modern piano.  Also, Two number schemes for the sonatas are commonly used. They're used in L and XVI. Fortepiano:  https://resampled.de/en/H/Haydn/klavier/en-haydn-hob-xvi-1.html Modern piano: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=FH2BeO66SiU

  One musician plays Mozart -alla turca -Turkish March , Sonata, A Minor. Clavichord is stringed rectangular keyboard and string instrument. It was used largely in the Late Middle Ages, Renaissance, Baroque, and Classical Eras. When musician hits keyboard, Brass beats metal strings. Thus, musician can make weak and strong sounds on clavichord.

  Haydn - Piano Sonata Hob XVI /50 , L60. The piano Sonata in C major , Hob .XVI /50, L .60, was written in 1794 by Joseph Haydn. The structure has three movements. 1. Allegro, 2. Adagio (in F major), 3.Allegro Molto Originally, the Sonata was written for and dedicated to Therese Jansen Bartolozzi in 1794.

  The Cembalo The structure of cembalo (harpsichord) is similar to early fortepiano. Cembalo makers drew pictures in lid of cembalo, so they made cembalo more beautiful. In the lid, the flowers were drawn. Also, when musicians press the front of the key, the jack is lifted, and the plectrum plucks the string. However, musicians can't control sounds, so Cristofori who made cembalos in Italy made the early hammered  cembalo (early fortepiano) with wood and structure of cembalo.